Armadillos are unique mammals, easily recognized by their distinctive, armor-like shells. While commonly associated with warmer southern regions, questions often arise about their presence in northern states, including North Dakota.
Armadillos in North Dakota
Nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), the only armadillo species found in the United States, are generally not native residents of North Dakota. Their range has expanded northward and eastward across the U.S. since the late 19th century, from historical territories south of the Rio Grande. This expansion has led to established populations in states like Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and more recently, Illinois, Nebraska, and Indiana. While some reports broadly mention their range extending “as far north as North Dakota,” confirmed breeding populations in the state are exceedingly rare. Any armadillos found in North Dakota are typically the result of accidental transport, often hitching rides in vehicles or cargo, rather than being part of a stable, self-sustaining population.
Climate and Armadillo Range
The primary factors limiting armadillo presence in North Dakota are the region’s climate and soil conditions. Nine-banded armadillos have a low metabolic rate and minimal body fat, making them particularly sensitive to cold temperatures. They struggle to maintain body heat during prolonged cold periods and do not hibernate to escape the winter. Research indicates that stable armadillo colonies typically cannot be established where the average January temperature falls below -2°C (28°F), or where there are numerous annual freeze days. North Dakota experiences harsh, extended winters with significant soil freezing. Frost depths in cities like Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks can reach 48 to 60 inches, meaning the ground remains frozen for considerable periods. Armadillos forage for insects, grubs, and other invertebrates by digging in the soil with their strong claws and keen sense of smell. Frozen ground prevents them from accessing food sources and digging burrows for shelter, which can lead to starvation or freezing. While they can endure short cold snaps by remaining in their burrows for a few days, they lack the fat reserves to sustain long periods without foraging, making North Dakota’s severe winters inhospitable for their long-term survival.
Responding to Armadillo Sightings
Given North Dakota’s unsuitable climate for established armadillo populations, any sightings are noteworthy. If you see an armadillo in North Dakota, reporting it to the North Dakota Game and Fish Department is recommended. These reports provide valuable data for wildlife officials to track potential range shifts or accidental introductions, even if isolated. Armadillos are generally not aggressive and typically avoid human interaction; however, it is always advisable to observe any wild animal from a safe distance. While they can carry diseases like leprosy, transmission to humans is rare and typically requires direct physical contact.