American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are native to Texas. While not found statewide, these large reptiles inhabit specific regions, thriving in environments that meet their needs. They are a part of the state’s diverse wildlife.
Alligator Habitats in Texas
American alligators primarily inhabit the eastern and southern portions of Texas. Their range extends from the Sabine River westward to approximately Interstate 35, and south across the coastal marshes to the Rio Grande. This expansive area includes around 120 counties, with highest concentrations along the Gulf Coastal Plains.
These regions provide suitable conditions, including warm temperatures and abundant water sources. Alligators are commonly found in freshwater environments such as swamps, rivers, bayous, natural lakes, and reservoirs. While they typically prefer freshwater, they can tolerate brackish water, thriving in coastal marshes. Extensive wetland habitats, including the Big Thicket National Preserve and Gulf Coast marshes, support robust alligator populations. Major river systems like the Trinity, Neches, and Guadalupe also serve as significant habitats.
Living Safely Alongside Alligators
Coexisting with alligators requires awareness and adherence to safety guidelines. Alligators generally avoid humans, but problems arise when they lose their natural shyness, often due to being fed. It is against state law to feed or harass alligators, which can result in a Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $500.
Maintaining a safe distance of at least 30 feet from alligators is important. If an alligator hisses, it indicates you are too close, and you should slowly back away. Alligators are surprisingly quick and agile over short distances, even on land, and can defend themselves if cornered.
When in or near water bodies known to contain alligators, exercise caution. Avoid swimming at night or during dusk and dawn, as these are times when alligators are most active and feed. Closely supervise children and pets, as pets can resemble natural prey. Keep pets on a leash and away from the water’s edge. If an alligator approaches you directly, especially if it comes out of the water, or repeatedly follows watercraft, it may be considered a nuisance and should be reported to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD).
Conservation and Management
The American alligator has a history of successful recovery in Texas. Historically, their populations were severely depleted due to unregulated hunting and habitat loss in the early to mid-20th century. By the 1950s, the species faced near extirpation in Texas.
In the 1960s, increased awareness for wildlife conservation led to a turning point. The alligator was listed as an endangered species in 1967, providing federal protection, with Texas following suit in 1969. These protective measures, along with federal regulations on hide markets, allowed populations to rebound significantly.
By 1987, the American alligator was removed from the federal endangered species list, recognized as fully recovered. Today, the alligator is a protected game animal in Texas, and its population is stable and growing, with an estimated 400,000 to 500,000 individuals statewide. The TPWD manages alligator populations through monitored programs, ensuring their continued health and coexistence with the expanding human population.