The shortfin mako shark, a highly capable oceanic predator, often sparks questions regarding its potential danger to humans. This species is renowned for its remarkable speed and power. Understanding its natural behaviors and the circumstances of human encounters is important for accurate assessment.
Characteristics of Shortfin Mako Sharks
The shortfin mako shark is a large, streamlined fish. It possesses a pointed snout, a crescent-shaped tail, and distinctive metallic blue coloration on its back, fading to white on its underside. This species is considered the fastest shark, capable of reaching burst speeds up to 46 miles per hour (74 kilometers per hour). Adult shortfin makos typically measure between 8.2 and 10.5 feet (2.5 to 3.2 meters) in length and weigh 130 to 310 pounds (60 to 140 kg), though larger individuals can exceed 13 feet (4 meters) and 1,200 pounds (545 kg).
These sharks are top predators in their environment, primarily feeding on bony fish like mackerel, tuna, bonito, and swordfish, along with cephalopods such as squid. Larger makos may also prey on other sharks, marine mammals, and sea turtles. Shortfin makos inhabit tropical and temperate waters globally, typically found in the open ocean from the surface down to depths of about 490 feet (150 meters). They are highly migratory, often traveling long distances.
Recorded Human Interactions
Encounters between shortfin mako sharks and humans are infrequent, with unprovoked attacks being rare. Data from the International Shark Attack File (ISAF) shows limited incidents globally. Between 1980 and 2024, ISAF records indicate 10 shortfin mako attacks on humans, with three being fatal. This low number highlights that shortfin makos do not typically view humans as prey.
It is important to distinguish between unprovoked and provoked incidents. A majority of recorded interactions are considered provoked, meaning the shark was intentionally or unintentionally instigated. These situations often involve fishing activities, such as when a shark is hooked or harassed. For instance, some incidents have occurred when a mako shark, already caught by an angler, has leapt into a boat, leading to defensive bites.
Comparing shortfin mako incidents to those involving other shark species emphasizes their rarity. Species like the great white, tiger, and bull sharks are responsible for more recorded attacks and fatalities worldwide. While shortfin makos are powerful predators, their natural habitat in the open ocean means they rarely encounter swimmers or divers near coastal areas. The risk of a shark attack, including from a shortfin mako, remains statistically very low compared to other daily risks.
Understanding Encounter Triggers
Interactions between shortfin mako sharks and humans often arise from specific circumstances. When a mako shark is hooked or otherwise harassed, it can become highly agitated. This agitation often leads to violent thrashing and occasional leaps into boats, which can result in defensive bites. Such incidents highlight the shark’s powerful nature when distressed.
Another factor is the theory of mistaken identity, though this remains a subject of ongoing discussion among scientists. In conditions like murky water or low light, a shark might misinterpret a human’s silhouette or movements as those of its natural prey. However, some research suggests that sharks are not necessarily “mistaking” humans for prey but rather engaging in an investigatory bite of an unfamiliar object.
Human activities that extend into their offshore domain, such as deep-sea fishing or diving expeditions, increase the potential for interaction. This is particularly true when bait or speared fish are present, as these can attract sharks to an area.
Safety Measures in Mako Habitats
Minimizing the risk of encountering shortfin mako sharks, or any shark, involves general ocean safety practices. Swimmers and divers should avoid entering the water at dawn, dusk, or night, as these are peak feeding times for many shark species. Avoid areas with murky water, as reduced visibility can make it difficult for sharks to distinguish between humans and prey. Refrain from wearing shiny jewelry, which can resemble fish scales, and avoid excessive splashing.
For those engaging in fishing or diving in mako habitats, specific measures reduce potential interactions. Anglers should exercise caution when a shortfin mako is hooked, as they are known for powerful leaps and aggressive behavior when distressed. Proper handling techniques for caught sharks are important for human safety and the shark’s well-being. This includes keeping the shark in the water if possible, minimizing its time out of water, and using tools like long pliers or de-hookers for hook removal.
Divers should be aware that speared fish or bait can attract sharks; keep such items away from the body. Respecting a shark’s space and observing its behavior are also important. If a shark appears agitated or exhibits erratic movements, calmly and quickly exit the water. These measures contribute to safer interactions for all ocean users.