The dodo bird, an emblem of extinction, disappeared from its native island of Mauritius in the late 17th century. This flightless bird quickly became a symbol of species loss, largely due to human activity. The concept of de-extinction, bringing back vanished species, has captivated scientists and the public, leading to inquiries about whether the dodo could one day return. This emerging field explores reversing species loss through advanced genetic technologies.
The Quest to Revive the Dodo
Scientists are actively working towards bringing back a dodo-like bird. Biotechnology company Colossal Biosciences has announced a significant, well-funded project specifically targeting the dodo’s revival. This initiative aims to reconstruct the dodo’s genome, the genetic blueprint of the species. Beth Shapiro, a leading paleogeneticist, is involved, leveraging her expertise in ancient DNA. The company views the dodo as a prime candidate for de-extinction, recognizing its iconic status as a species lost due to human impact, and this ambitious undertaking explores the boundaries of genetic science in species restoration.
The Science Behind De-Extinction
The process of de-extinction for the dodo begins with obtaining and analyzing ancient DNA. Scientists extract genetic material from preserved dodo specimens, such as bones in museum collections. This DNA is then sequenced to reconstruct the dodo’s complete genome. Once the dodo’s genome is mapped, researchers identify its closest living relative, the Nicobar pigeon.
The next step involves comparing the dodo’s genome to that of the Nicobar pigeon to pinpoint genetic differences responsible for the dodo’s unique traits, like its size and flightlessness. Using genetic editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, scientists plan to modify the Nicobar pigeon’s DNA. The goal is to introduce dodo-specific genes into the pigeon’s genome, creating a bird with dodo characteristics. This modified genetic material would then be introduced into the reproductive cells, known as primordial germ cells, of a surrogate bird, potentially a chicken or a Nicobar pigeon. The surrogate would then produce eggs carrying the dodo-like genetic code, aiming to hatch a bird that approximates the extinct dodo.
Significant Hurdles and Ethical Debates
Bringing back the dodo faces technical challenges. Obtaining complete dodo DNA from ancient specimens is difficult, as genetic material degrades over time. Genetically engineering a living relative to express all traits of an extinct species is complex. Finding a suitable surrogate species for breeding presents a hurdle, given the size difference between the dodo and its closest living relative, the Nicobar pigeon, or even a chicken.
Ethical considerations surround de-extinction efforts. Concerns exist about animal welfare, including potential suffering of surrogate animals and high mortality rates associated with genetic manipulation and cloning. Ecologically, questions arise about where a resurrected dodo would live, as its original habitat on Mauritius has been altered and still contains invasive predators. Some argue a de-extincted dodo might not possess the natural behaviors needed to survive in the wild, and that such efforts divert resources and attention from conserving endangered species.
Relevance Beyond the Dodo
Efforts to de-extinct the dodo extend beyond reviving a vanished species. Scientific advancements made in this endeavor have implications for conservation biology and genetic research. Technologies developed for de-extinction, such as genetic sequencing and editing techniques, can be applied to aid endangered species. These tools may help combat inbreeding, restore genetic diversity within small populations, and enhance disease resistance.
The pursuit of de-extinction can deepen understanding of evolutionary processes and the genetic underpinnings of species adaptation. While de-extinction is not a replacement for traditional conservation strategies, it offers complementary tools that could contribute to biodiversity preservation. The knowledge gained and technologies refined through projects like the dodo initiative may provide new ways to protect and manage the planet’s biodiversity.