Mallard ducks are widely recognized waterfowl found across the globe. These adaptable birds inhabit diverse environments, from wild wetlands to urban parks, thriving in aquatic habitats. They are one of the most commonly encountered duck species in North America and Eurasia.
Mallard Pair Bonds
Mallard ducks form seasonal pair bonds, which can appear monogamous but do not last for life. Pairing begins in late autumn or early winter, with courtship displays continuing into early spring. These bonds are primarily for mating and egg-laying, typically lasting six to eight months.
During this period, the male, or drake, stays with the female, providing protection. This mate guarding helps the female secure access to high-quality feeding sites and deter harassment from unpaired males. However, the male’s involvement in nesting is limited, and the pair bond weakens as the female begins incubating her eggs.
Beyond Exclusive Pairings
Despite forming seasonal pair bonds, mallards are not truly monogamous. Extra-pair copulation (EPC) is common, where bonded males attempt to mate with females other than their primary partner. Females may also engage in copulations with multiple males, leading to mixed paternity within a single brood. Studies show a significant percentage of broods can contain offspring from more than one father.
The male departs once the female begins incubating her eggs. The female undertakes the entire incubation period, lasting approximately 26 to 30 days, on her own. After ducklings hatch, the mother leads them from the nest to water. She remains solely responsible for their care and protection until they can fly, usually around two months of age.
Evolutionary Drivers of Mallard Mating
Mallard mating strategies are driven by evolutionary pressures favoring reproductive success for both sexes. The male-biased sex ratio creates intense competition among males for mates. Forming an early pair bond increases a male’s likelihood of successful reproduction, while extra-pair copulations offer opportunities to maximize offspring sired.
For females, early pair formation provides protection and access to resources, leading to earlier nesting and increased chances of raising a brood. While females undertake all parental care, extra-pair copulations can enhance their offspring’s genetic diversity or ensure fertilization. The male’s abandonment of the nest allows him to conserve energy, pursue additional mating opportunities, or prepare for his post-breeding molt.