Hornets, often perceived as formidable insects, are generally not red in color. While some species may exhibit reddish-brown or orange tones, a true vibrant red is uncommon in their natural pigmentation. This perception might stem from specific markings on certain hornet types or confusion with other insects.
The True Colors of Hornets
Hornets typically display a palette of black, yellow, brown, and white. These colors often appear as distinct bands or patterns across their bodies. The base coloration of a hornet’s body is frequently black or dark brown, providing a backdrop for lighter markings. These markings commonly include shades of yellow, ranging from pale to golden, or sometimes ivory and white. While some hornets can have reddish-brown hues, particularly on their heads or thoraxes, this is distinct from a pure red.
Hornet Species and Their Distinctive Markings
European Hornet
The European hornet (Vespa crabro) often contributes to the perception of “red.” Its head can appear yellow from the front and reddish from above, while its thorax is often dark reddish-brown, sometimes with a pale red V-shaped mark. Its abdomen is typically striped brown and yellow, often with a reddish front segment. Its wings are reddish-orange. This combination of reddish-brown and yellow coloration can be mistaken for red.
Asian Giant Hornet
Another species, the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), is known for its large size and distinct coloration. Its broad head is typically a light orange or yellow, with black eyes. The body alternates between dark brown or black and yellow to orange stripes on the abdomen. While it possesses orange and yellow elements, it lacks the prominent reddish-brown areas seen on the European hornet.
How Hornets Differ from Other Insects
Distinguishing hornets from other insects, such as yellowjackets and paper wasps, involves observing key physical characteristics beyond just color. Hornets, which are a type of wasp, are generally larger and more robust, with thicker, more elongated bodies and broader heads. They typically range from 1 to 1.5 inches long, while yellowjackets are often smaller, around 0.5 to 0.75 inches, and paper wasps are about 0.75 to 1 inch long.
Nesting habits also provide clear distinctions. Hornets construct large, papery nests that are often enclosed and spherical, commonly found hanging from trees or structures, or sometimes in cavities like hollow trees or wall voids. Yellowjackets, conversely, frequently build their enclosed nests underground or in hidden cavities, and can also make aerial nests. Paper wasps, on the other hand, create smaller, open, umbrella-shaped nests with visible cells, often attached to eaves or other sheltered surfaces.