Coyotes and foxes, despite some superficial resemblances, are not as closely related as many might assume. While both animals belong to the biological family Canidae, often called the dog family, they diverge at a more specific classification level. This indicates they share a distant common ancestor within the broader canid group but have distinct evolutionary paths.
Their Place in the Canid Family
The Canidae family encompasses all dog-like carnivorans, including domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and various fox species. Within this family, scientists categorize animals into different genera, which represent more closely related groups. Coyotes, scientifically known as Canis latrans, belong to the genus Canis. This genus also includes familiar species like wolves (Canis lupus) and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), indicating a strong genetic connection among these animals.
In contrast, most true foxes, such as the red fox and arctic fox, are classified under the genus Vulpes. A biological family signifies a shared, ancient lineage, while a genus denotes a more recent common ancestor and a closer evolutionary relationship. Because coyotes and foxes are placed in different genera, Canis and Vulpes, their relationship is more distant than, for example, the relationship between a coyote and a wolf.
Distinguishing Features
Coyotes and foxes possess several observable differences. Coyotes are generally larger and more robustly built than most foxes. An average coyote typically weighs between 7 and 21 kilograms (15 to 46 pounds) and can measure 75 to 87 centimeters (30 to 34 inches) in body length. Foxes are notably smaller; for instance, the largest red fox species usually weighs between 3 and 11 kilograms (6.5 to 24 pounds) with a body length of 46 to 86 centimeters (18 to 33.75 inches). Some fox species can be as small as a typical house cat.
Distinct facial features also help differentiate them. Foxes typically have more pointed muzzles and ears that stand upright. Coyotes, conversely, tend to have broader or more rounded muzzles, with their ears generally upright but sometimes appearing less pointed. Their tails offer another clear distinction: foxes are known for their long, exceptionally bushy tails, often tipped with a contrasting color like white, which can be nearly as long as their bodies. Coyotes have a shorter, less bushy tail that usually hangs downward when they are moving. Vocalizations vary as well; coyotes produce a range of sounds including howls, yips, yelps, and barks, while foxes are known for high-pitched whining, squawks, and screams, and can make up to 40 different sounds.
Shared Ancestry and Traits
Both coyotes and foxes are members of the Canidae family, tracing their lineage back to a common canid ancestor that emerged in North America millions of years ago. This shared evolutionary history means they exhibit several common biological characteristics. Both are carnivorans, equipped with acute senses of smell and hearing that aid in hunting.
Their body structures are lithe and muscular, featuring long legs and non-retractable claws, adaptations for pursuing prey over distances. These animals are digitigrade, meaning they walk on their toes, a common trait among canids that contributes to their agility. Their dentition is characteristic, with teeth designed for grasping, tearing flesh, and strong molars for crushing bone.
While primarily predators, both species display an omnivorous diet, consuming small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. This dietary flexibility allows them to thrive in diverse environments, including human-modified landscapes. Although coyotes often form social groups, foxes are generally more solitary outside of the breeding season, illustrating variations in social behavior within the canid family.