Cervical polyps are common growths that can form on the cervix, the narrow canal connecting the uterus to the vagina. While discovering any new growth can raise concerns about cancer, cervical polyps are typically benign. This article explores their characteristics, how cancer risk is assessed, and their typical management.
Understanding Cervical Polyps
Cervical polyps are benign growths that originate from the surface of the cervix or within the cervical canal. They are common, affecting approximately 2% to 5% of women. These reddish, finger-like projections are typically less than 1 centimeter in diameter, though their size and appearance can vary.
The exact reasons for polyp formation are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute. These include chronic inflammation or infection of the cervix, elevated estrogen levels, and areas where blood vessels might be clogged. Many individuals with cervical polyps experience no symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during routine gynecological examinations.
Assessing Cancer Risk
The primary concern for many individuals diagnosed with a cervical polyp is the potential for malignancy. Cervical polyps are almost always benign. Statistical data indicates that less than 1% of cervical polyps show cancerous or precancerous changes.
Some studies report an even lower prevalence of malignancy, around 0.1% to 0.2% of cases, with a slightly higher likelihood in postmenopausal individuals. In rare instances, a cancerous growth on the cervix might visually resemble a benign polyp. This highlights the need for proper medical evaluation for any new cervical growth.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Cervical polyps are often identified during a routine pelvic examination or a Pap test. A healthcare provider can visually observe the smooth, finger-like growths on the cervix. This initial identification often prompts further steps to confirm the polyp’s nature.
A colposcopy may be performed, using a magnifying instrument for a closer view of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. If any areas appear abnormal, a biopsy (removal of a small tissue sample) is typically performed. This tissue is then sent to a laboratory for pathological examination to confirm the polyp’s benign nature and rule out any malignant or precancerous cells.
Management and Follow-Up
Once a cervical polyp is identified, removal is recommended. This is done to alleviate potential symptoms, such as abnormal bleeding or discharge, and to allow for a thorough pathological examination of the tissue. The removal procedure, known as a polypectomy, is typically a simple outpatient procedure.
For smaller polyps, a healthcare provider can often remove them by gently grasping and twisting them off during a pelvic exam. Larger polyps or those with a broader base might require a heated wire loop or other methods, sometimes with local anesthesia. After removal, patients may experience minimal bleeding or cramping for a few days. Follow-up care often includes routine gynecological exams to monitor the cervix and check for recurrence, as polyps can sometimes return.