Centipedes are predatory arthropods that possess venom, primarily used to subdue prey. All centipede species are venomous, but their bites rarely cause severe health complications for humans and are not life-threatening. The pain from a centipede bite can be comparable to a bee sting, though larger species may deliver more venom, leading to more intense pain. Most effects are localized and temporary.
How Centipedes Deliver Their Venom
Centipedes utilize specialized structures called forcipules to inject their venom. These forcipules, unique to centipedes, are located just behind the head. These pincer-like appendages function similarly to fangs. Venom glands run from inside the centipede’s head to the tip of each forcipule, allowing venom delivery upon puncturing the skin.
The venom is a complex mixture of bioactive components, including proteins, peptides, and other small molecules. Components include chemicals like histamine and serotonin. This potent cocktail is primarily designed to immobilize and predigest prey, typically consisting of insects and worms. Centipedes do not actively seek to bite humans, and bites usually occur when they feel threatened.
Symptoms of a Centipede Bite
A centipede bite typically results in immediate sharp pain at the site. This pain is often accompanied by localized redness and swelling. Two distinct puncture marks may also be visible where the forcipules entered the skin. These local symptoms can last anywhere from several hours to a few days.
Less common, mild systemic symptoms can occur, such as nausea, headache, or dizziness. In rare instances, muscle weakness, chills, or a fever might occur. While severe allergic reactions are possible, they are extremely rare and comparable to reactions from other insect stings. Signs of a severe allergic reaction include facial swelling, widespread hives, chest discomfort, or a significant drop in blood pressure.
Caring for a Centipede Bite
For a centipede bite, clean the affected area with soap and water to reduce infection risk. Apply a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in cloth to the bite site to alleviate pain and reduce swelling. Apply the compress for 10-minute intervals, removing it for 10 minutes before reapplying.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can manage discomfort. Antihistamines may also help with itching or mild allergic reactions. Seek medical attention if symptoms worsen, do not improve within 48 hours, or if signs of infection develop, such as spreading redness, warmth, or discharge. Immediate medical care is necessary for severe allergic reactions, indicated by difficulty breathing, throat swelling, or widespread rash.
Avoiding Centipede Bites
Centipedes prefer dark, damp, secluded environments, making them prone to hiding indoors and outdoors. They are often found under rocks, logs, leaf litter, or in basements and crawl spaces. To minimize bite risk, check shoes and clothing before putting them on, especially in areas where centipedes are common.
Preventing centipede entry involves sealing cracks, holes, and gaps in foundations, walls, and around windows and doors. Reducing indoor clutter, particularly in damp areas like basements, eliminates hiding spots. Addressing moisture issues, such as fixing leaky pipes or using dehumidifiers, makes the environment less appealing to centipedes, as they require humidity to survive.