Apigenin is a natural flavonoid, a type of plant-derived compound that contributes to the color of fruits and flowers and is investigated for its health effects. It is particularly abundant in chamomile flowers, making chamomile tea a well-known source. Apigenin is also present in common vegetables and herbs, including parsley, celery, and oregano, and is available as a dietary supplement.
Potential Health Applications
The most common applications for apigenin supplements relate to sleep and relaxation. Research suggests the compound may help promote calmness and improve sleep quality by interacting with specific pathways in the brain. Human trials using chamomile extract standardized to 1.2% apigenin found it had a modest effect on patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Beyond its effects on mood and sleep, apigenin is investigated for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help protect cells from oxidative stress. Laboratory and animal studies indicate apigenin can help manage chronic inflammation, potentially impacting joint and heart health. However, this evidence is preliminary, and more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.
How Apigenin Works in the Body
Apigenin’s calming effects are attributed to its interaction with the central nervous system. It crosses the blood-brain barrier to bind to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and by enhancing its activity, apigenin produces a mild sedative effect. This mechanism is similar to some anti-anxiety medications, though apigenin’s action is gentler.
The anti-inflammatory actions of apigenin involve modulating various signaling pathways. It interferes with the activity of enzymes and proteins that promote inflammation, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytokines like TNF-α. By blocking these inflammatory messengers, apigenin can help reduce the body’s inflammatory response.
Dosage and Forms of Supplementation
Apigenin supplements are available in capsule or powder form, with dosages starting around 50 mg per day. Recommendations can range up to 400 mg daily, often split into multiple doses. There is no official Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for apigenin, and the appropriate amount varies based on individual factors and the reason for use.
While supplements provide a concentrated dose, apigenin is also consumed through diet. Foods like dried parsley can contain as much as 45 mg per gram, while chamomile flowers contain 3 to 5 mg per gram. However, achieving supplement-level doses through diet alone is difficult, as a cup of chamomile tea provides far less apigenin than a 50 mg capsule.
Safety and Potential Interactions
Apigenin is considered safe, particularly in amounts found in food. As a supplement, mild side effects may include drowsiness or minor digestive upset. Allergic reactions are possible, especially for those with sensitivities to plants like chamomile. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions should consult a healthcare provider before use due to a lack of long-term safety data.
Apigenin can potentially interact with certain medications. Due to its sedative properties, it may enhance the effects of other substances that cause drowsiness, including alcohol, sleep aids, and anti-anxiety drugs. Apigenin may also interact with blood-thinning medications like warfarin and drugs metabolized by CYP450 liver enzymes. This interaction could alter the effectiveness of various medications, making it important to speak with a doctor before use.