The glans penis, commonly known as the head or tip of the penis, is the bulbous structure at the far end of the shaft. It is a component of the external male reproductive system. In individuals who are not circumcised, the glans is covered by a retractable layer of skin called the prepuce, or foreskin. This part of the penis is characterized by its high sensitivity and has roles in both the urinary and reproductive systems.
Anatomy of the Glans Penis
The glans is the expanded cap of an internal column of erectile tissue called the corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra as it runs through the penis. This structure fits over the ends of the two other erectile columns, the corpora cavernosa, which make up the bulk of the penile shaft. Although the penis becomes rigid during an erection, the tissue of the glans itself remains more pliable, which allows it to function as a form of shock absorber during intercourse.
The base of the glans forms a rounded, projecting border known as the corona. This ridge overhangs a groove, the coronal sulcus, that separates the glans from the shaft of the penis. At the very tip of the glans is the external urethral orifice, or meatus. On the underside of the glans, a small band of elastic tissue called the frenulum connects the glans to the foreskin, helping to guide its retraction.
Functions of the Glans Penis
One of the primary roles of the glans penis is sensory feedback during sexual activity. Its surface is covered by a thin mucous membrane that is densely populated with nerve endings, making it exceptionally sensitive to touch. This high level of sensitivity is directly linked to sexual arousal, pleasure, and the triggering of orgasm and ejaculation.
Beyond its sensory role, the glans is also integral to urinary and reproductive processes. The meatus, located at its tip, serves as the final exit point for urine expelled from the bladder. During ejaculation, this same opening allows for the passage of semen. The specific structure of the glans, particularly the funnel-like shape of the urethra within it, known as the navicular fossa, facilitates the forceful expulsion of these fluids.
Associated Glandular Structures and Secretions
The glans itself is not a gland that produces secretions. However, there are glandular structures associated with the surrounding skin. In some individuals, small, modified sebaceous glands called Tyson’s glands may be present around the corona or on the frenulum. These glands produce an oily substance that contributes to moisture in the area.
A substance called smegma can accumulate under the foreskin in uncircumcised individuals. Smegma is a combination of shed skin cells, oils, and moisture. Its buildup can create a thick, cheese-like substance. While natural, its accumulation can lead to irritation or provide a medium for bacterial growth if not managed with regular hygiene.
Maintaining Glans Health
Proper hygiene is important to maintaining the health of the glans penis and preventing common issues. For uncircumcised individuals, this involves gently retracting the foreskin daily and washing the glans with warm water to remove any accumulated smegma. Avoid harsh soaps that can cause irritation. For circumcised individuals, daily washing of the glans and the surrounding area is sufficient.
Poor hygiene can contribute to conditions like balanitis, which is the inflammation of the glans, causing redness, swelling, soreness, and discharge. Another potential issue, primarily in uncircumcised men, is phimosis, a condition where the foreskin is too tight to be retracted over the glans. Paraphimosis is a medical emergency where a retracted foreskin cannot be returned to its original position, causing swelling and restricting blood flow. Any persistent pain, discharge, or changes in appearance warrant medical evaluation.