Amniotic membrane, derived from the innermost layer of the placenta, is increasingly utilized in ophthalmic procedures due to its remarkable healing properties. This natural tissue serves as a biological bandage when applied to the eye’s surface, aiding in the recovery of various ocular conditions, including persistent corneal defects, severe dry eye syndrome, and injuries like chemical burns. It functions by reducing inflammation, alleviating discomfort, and accelerating the healing process through the encouragement of healthy cell growth. While generally considered a safe and effective treatment, like any medical intervention, patients may experience certain reactions or potential side effects.
Common Manifestations
Following the application of an amniotic membrane, patients commonly experience a range of mild and temporary sensations as the eye begins its healing process. A frequent manifestation is temporary blurring of vision, which occurs because the membrane covers the cornea. This visual alteration usually resolves as the membrane dissolves, often within about a week. Patients may also report a foreign body sensation or discomfort, attributed to the membrane or the polycarbonate ring used to hold it.
Mild irritation and light sensitivity are common, reflecting the eye’s healing process. Tearing can increase as the eye attempts to lubricate itself and flush out any irritants. These symptoms are well-tolerated and often do not require additional pain medication, though topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or oral pain relievers can manage discomfort. The body’s natural healing mechanisms and the membrane’s properties contribute to the resolution of these symptoms.
Infrequent Complications
Less common complications associated with amniotic membrane application require medical attention. Infection, though rare, is a serious concern. Although amniotic membranes are treated with antibiotics and screened for transmissible diseases, a very low risk of infection remains. Signs of infection can include worsening pain, increased redness, discharge, or a sudden decline in vision.
Significant inflammation, beyond the expected mild irritation, can also occur. This may manifest as persistent or severe redness, swelling, and discomfort that does not subside with time. An allergic reaction to the membrane or associated materials, though infrequent, can cause heightened inflammation.
The displacement or premature dissolution of the amniotic membrane is another possible complication. If the membrane is not secured correctly or if there is aggressive inflammation, it may dissolve more rapidly than anticipated or move out of its intended position, potentially hindering the healing process. Persistent pain that does not improve with standard management, or vision changes that do not resolve as expected, warrant immediate medical evaluation to rule out underlying issues such as keratitis.
Addressing Reactions
Managing reactions after amniotic membrane placement involves both at-home care for common symptoms and clear guidelines for seeking professional medical attention. For mild reactions like temporary discomfort, foreign body sensation, or mild light sensitivity, patients use prescribed eye drops, including lubricants or anti-inflammatory agents. Avoiding rubbing the eye helps prevent dislodging the membrane or causing further irritation. Wearing protective eyewear, such as sunglasses, can help alleviate light sensitivity and shield the eye from environmental irritants.
Patients must understand when symptoms require immediate medical consultation. Worsening pain, especially if it becomes severe or throbbing, should be reported promptly. Any sudden or significant loss of vision, or changes that do not improve over time, requires urgent evaluation. Signs of infection, such as pus-like discharge, increased redness that spreads, significant swelling, or fever, indicate a need for immediate medical attention. Persistent or escalating symptoms, or any new concerning developments, should always prompt a call to the eye care professional.