Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium residing in the human intestinal tract. First identified in 2004, it has gained scientific interest for its unique relationship with human health. This microorganism colonizes the mucus layer lining the intestines, a distinct habitat from many other gut bacteria. Its presence is linked to the overall function of the gut and other bodily systems.
The Role of Akkermansia in Gut Health
The name Akkermansia muciniphila translates to “mucin-loving,” referencing its primary energy source. It thrives by consuming mucin, the main protein in the intestinal mucus layer. This process stimulates the intestinal wall to produce more mucin, and this cycle helps maintain a thick mucus layer.
The mucus layer acts as a physical shield, preventing harmful substances and pathogenic microbes from passing from the intestine into the bloodstream. By promoting this barrier’s integrity, Akkermansia helps regulate what the body absorbs.
As a byproduct of its metabolism, Akkermansia produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate and propionate. These SCFAs serve as an energy source for colon cells and nourish other beneficial gut bacteria, contributing to a balanced microbial community.
Connection to Metabolic Health and Disease
Research shows a strong association between Akkermansia abundance and metabolic health. Individuals with healthier metabolic profiles tend to have higher levels of this bacterium, with positive associations extending to better insulin sensitivity and weight management.
Conversely, lower levels of Akkermansia are observed in individuals with certain metabolic conditions. People with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease often have a reduced population of this microbe.
The bacterium’s influence on metabolic health is connected to its role in maintaining gut barrier function. By strengthening the intestinal lining, Akkermansia helps reduce the leakage of inflammatory molecules like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into circulation. Elevated LPS levels are a factor in the low-grade inflammation that drives insulin resistance and fat storage.
How to Naturally Increase Akkermansia
The population of Akkermansia in the gut is influenced by diet, particularly the consumption of plant compounds called polyphenols. This bacterium flourishes in an environment rich in these antioxidants, found in many fruits and vegetables. Including polyphenol-rich foods supports the growth of this microbe.
Foods with deep, rich colors are particularly effective. Pomegranates, cranberries, and grapes are excellent sources of the polyphenols that Akkermansia utilizes. Green tea is another potent source of these compounds.
Additionally, incorporating prebiotic fibers from sources like onions, leeks, and asparagus helps nourish a healthy gut ecosystem. This creates favorable conditions for Akkermansia and other beneficial bacteria to grow.
Akkermansia as a Next-Generation Probiotic
The properties of Akkermansia muciniphila have led to its development as a targeted probiotic supplement. Unlike traditional probiotics with mixed strains, Akkermansia products provide a single organism for distinct health outcomes. This positions it as a “next-generation” probiotic, offering a precise approach to modulating the gut microbiome.
A discovery in its development is the effectiveness of the pasteurized (heat-killed) form. Research shows the non-live bacterium can still confer metabolic benefits. This effect is attributed to the Amuc_1100 protein on its outer membrane, which remains functional after pasteurization.
The stability of the pasteurized form makes it easier to formulate into a reliable supplement. As a commercial product, pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila is available in some regions to support gut health and metabolic balance. Research continues to explore its potential for targeted therapeutic applications.