African Bermuda grass is a widespread turfgrass known for its adaptability and resilience. Found globally in warm climates, it serves multiple purposes in both managed landscapes and natural settings.
Origins and Identification
African Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) originated in Europe, Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, later introduced to the Americas. It has fine, blue-green leaves. The plant spreads through above-ground stems (stolons) and underground stems (rhizomes). These structures enable it to form a dense mat. Its seed heads resemble a hand with three to seven finger-like spikelets.
Growth Habits and Resilience
This grass spreads aggressively due to its extensive network of rhizomes and stolons, rapidly colonizing new areas. These stems contribute to its dense canopy and quick recovery from damage. African Bermuda grass develops a deep root system, extending up to 6 feet or more into the soil. This deep rooting provides tolerance to environmental stresses like drought, heat, and heavy foot traffic. It maintains vigor even in temperatures up to 110°F and recovers quickly from wear and tear.
Diverse Uses
African Bermuda grass is widely utilized for its hardiness and adaptability. It is a common choice for residential lawns, creating a dense and durable turf. Its resilience to heavy use makes it a preferred grass for sports fields, including golf courses and football fields. The grass is also planted in pastures for livestock grazing, providing nutritious forage and withstanding high grazing pressure. Its growth habits make it effective for erosion control on sloped areas and in disturbed environments.
Cultivation and Control
For optimal growth, African Bermuda grass thrives in full, direct sunlight and well-drained soil. It requires consistent moisture, typically 1 to 1.5 inches of water per week, to maintain its green appearance, though it can go dormant during extended drought. Regular mowing, often at a height of 1 to 1.5 inches, helps maintain a healthy turf and prevents excessive seed head production. Fertilization during its peak growing season is beneficial for vigorous growth.
Controlling African Bermuda grass in unwanted areas can be challenging due to its aggressive growth. Mechanical removal, such as hand pulling or digging, is effective for small patches, but requires removing as much of the root system as possible. Solarization, covering the area with clear plastic during hot periods, can suppress growth by heating the soil and depriving the grass of light. Cultural practices, like increasing shade or maintaining a taller, denser lawn of a different grass type, can help weaken and outcompete it. For extensive infestations, a combination of these methods is often necessary.