Actinic lentigines, commonly known as “age spots” or “liver spots,” are flat, darkened patches on the skin that appear with age. They are benign, non-cancerous changes to the skin’s surface that are not painful or itchy. While not medically dangerous, these spots can be a cosmetic concern.
Causes and Physical Traits
Actinic lentigines result from long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. This exposure stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Over many years, cumulative UV damage causes melanin to build up in the skin’s outer layer, forming these distinct spots.
The spots are flat patches with well-defined borders, ranging in color from light tan to dark brown or black. They appear on sun-exposed areas like the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. Unlike freckles, actinic lentigines do not fade during the winter months.
Cosmetic Treatment Options
Since actinic lentigines are benign, treatment is for cosmetic reasons. Several professional procedures are available to lighten or eliminate these spots. Cryotherapy involves freezing the spot with a cold spray, causing the darkened skin to peel away. Laser therapy uses focused light to break up the melanin pigment in the skin. Another option is a chemical peel, which applies a solution to remove the outer layers and reveal new skin.
These in-office procedures are effective, though they can result in temporary or permanent light or dark marks on the skin. At-home solutions include topical creams containing retinoids, which are derivatives of vitamin A that promote skin cell turnover. Other creams may contain hydroquinone, a skin-lightening agent that decreases melanin production.
Prevention and Skin Monitoring
Preventing new actinic lentigines requires consistent protection from UV radiation. This includes minimizing sun exposure during peak hours, wearing protective clothing like long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats, and using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
Although actinic lentigines are harmless, their presence signifies a history of sun damage, which is a risk factor for skin cancer. Therefore, perform regular skin self-examinations to monitor for any new or changing spots. Consult a dermatologist for any lesion that changes in size, shape, color, or develops an irregular border. A professional can perform an examination to confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious conditions.