The ackee flower is the blossom of the ackee tree (Blighia sapida). This tropical evergreen tree originated in West Africa, from Senegal to Gabon, and arrived in the Caribbean in the 18th century, likely via slave ships. While cultivated globally, it holds particular cultural significance in Jamaica, where it is recognized as the national fruit.
Characteristics of the Ackee Flower
Ackee flowers are small and inconspicuous, appearing in clusters on pendulous compound racemes, which are branched flower stalks measuring about 3 to 7 inches (7.5–17.5 cm) long. Their five petals are typically cream to greenish-white and have a subtle fragrance.
The ackee tree is andro-monoecious, bearing both male (staminate) and bisexual (hermaphrodite) flowers on the same plant. Male flowers are more numerous. Bisexual flowers, though fewer, contain both male and female reproductive organs. Each flower has a five- or six-parted light green calyx and a nectary disc at its base. The proportion of male to hermaphrodite flowers can vary based on flowering flush, individual tree, and climatic conditions.
The Ackee Flower’s Role in Fruit Production
The ackee flower is crucial for the development of the ackee fruit. The tree typically flowers in pseudoterminal shoots, meaning new shoot growth continues from areas adjacent to the flower clusters even as flowering occurs. Pollination primarily occurs through insects, especially bees, and also by wind.
Once pollinated, bisexual flowers undergo fertilization, transforming into fruit. Only about 4% of female or bisexual flowers develop into mature fruit. The fruit takes approximately 50 to 60 days to develop from fruit set to the fully opened capsule stage. In regions like Jamaica, Cuba, and Florida, the ackee tree can flower and fruit twice a year, generally from March to June and again from September to November, with the heaviest crop harvested during the summer.
Safety Considerations and Significance
The ackee flower is generally not consumed. Safety concerns for the ackee plant relate primarily to the fruit’s arils, which contain toxins if not properly handled. While ripe arils are edible after correct preparation, the flower is not typically part of the human diet. There is no information to suggest the ackee flower is toxic or edible.
The plant as a whole is known for its potential toxicity if the fruit is consumed unripe or improperly. Beyond its role in fruit production, the ackee flower contributes to the ecosystem by attracting pollinators. In some West African traditions, the fragrant flowers have been used for decorative purposes or in the preparation of aromatic waters or colognes.