A broken blood vessel in the eye, a subconjunctival hemorrhage, manifests as a bright red patch on the white part of the eye. This occurs when tiny blood vessels in the conjunctiva—the clear membrane covering the eye’s surface—rupture. This condition is typically painless and does not affect vision. The blood is trapped beneath the conjunctiva, visible but not interfering with the eye’s internal structures or function.
Typical Reasons for Eye Bleeds
Everyday actions can cause a subconjunctival hemorrhage by temporarily increasing pressure in the blood vessels of the eye. Forceful activities like violent coughing, intense sneezing, or vomiting can increase pressure, causing a vessel to break. Straining during bowel movements or while lifting heavy objects can also rupture these capillaries.
Minor eye trauma, including vigorously rubbing the eye or a direct poke or bump, can also cause a hemorrhage. Even certain contact lens practices, such as improper removal or wearing old lenses, can irritate the eye and cause vessels to rupture. These common occurrences often result in a visible red spot, even without underlying health concerns.
Health Conditions Linked to Eye Bleeds
Certain medical conditions can weaken blood vessels or impair blood clotting, increasing the likelihood of a subconjunctival hemorrhage. High blood pressure (hypertension) is a factor; chronic elevated pressure can make eye blood vessels more prone to rupture. Similarly, diabetes can affect blood vessel integrity throughout the body, including in the eyes, raising the risk.
Blood-thinning medications, such as anticoagulants like warfarin or antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, significantly elevate the risk of bleeding, leading to more frequent and potentially larger subconjunctival hemorrhages. In rare instances, underlying bleeding disorders like hemophilia, or eye infections and inflammation, can also cause these eye bleeds. Older age can also increase susceptibility, especially for those with vascular conditions.
When to Consult a Doctor
While most subconjunctival hemorrhages are harmless, certain signs warrant medical evaluation. If the red patch is accompanied by pain or vision changes like blurriness, double vision, or vision loss, it suggests a more serious issue. Frequent subconjunctival hemorrhages should also prompt a doctor’s visit, as this could indicate an undiagnosed systemic condition.
Seek medical attention if bleeding follows a significant head or eye injury, as this might mask more severe trauma. If the eye bleed appears alongside other concerning symptoms like a headache, dizziness, or general weakness, seek professional advice. Individuals taking blood-thinning medications who experience a large or recurring hemorrhage should also consult their healthcare provider to assess their medication regimen.
Recovery and Outlook
A subconjunctival hemorrhage typically resolves on its own without specific treatment. Healing usually takes one to two weeks; larger spots may take longer. As the blood reabsorbs, the red patch’s color gradually changes, like a fading bruise, often shifting to a yellowish or greenish hue before clearing completely.
During recovery, there is no need for eye drops or other treatments, as they do not accelerate healing. Avoid rubbing the eye, which could cause further irritation or re-bleeding. If an underlying health condition was identified as a contributing factor, managing that condition, such as controlling high blood pressure or diabetes, is important for prevention.